Politics

One State's Approach To Solvency - Raid The Colleges' Endowments

MayorBob.

Posted to Politics on Sun May 11, 2008 at 08:09:40 AM EST (promoted by port1080). RSS.

In these troubled economic times it's not really news to hear about state governments experiencing financial woes due to looming budget deficits. They can blame Washington all they want but, realistically they can't look in that direction for any relief from decreased state revenues and soaring expenses. They can cut state services, but many will argue the fat has been trimmed and what remains is muscle and sinew. Thus, states are left with the unpalatable prospect of raising taxes or finding new sources of revenue. Massachusetts thinks it has come upon a viable new source of revenue - a raid on private schools' endowments.

Massachusetts legislators are looking at schools like Amherst, Boston University, Harvard, MIT, and Tufts and they see a pot of gold in the endowment funds. Harvard's endowment alone is worth an estimated (US)$34 billion. They are beginning to ask why the state shouldn't get some of that money. They are planning on doing this by changing the rules just a bit, so as to fill the state's coffers with an estimated $1.4 billion in revenues a year. They are simply "studying" the proposal now but, in the words of State Representative Paul Kujawski (D - Worcester) "when is a nonprofit not a nonprofit because of the wealth they are acquiring?"

Kujawski is amazed that an entity could amass $34 billion and not pay taxes on it. The plan under study would involve Massachusetts assessing a fee on assets of $1 billion or more held in private endowment funds. State Senate President Therese Murray (D - Plymouth) says she's in favor of studying the issue further. While she didn't have anything else to add, her spokesman was a bit more blunt:

"Some of these institutions give very little back to their communities. With such large endowments, they should be doing more. We've done some research on the endowments at some universities and other large non-profits, and we will continue to look into it."
The schools whose endowments are lusted after by the legislature are not happy about the proposal. Kevin Casey, a Harvard vice president, said the proposal would be "taxing success" and would rebound with dire consequences for Massachusetts. Others have pointed to the fact that these endowments have recently been tapped to help with financial aid for students, to defray a significant amount of their annual operating costs, and contributions to local governments. They claim that, if the endowments become targets for state revenue raisers, it will mean reductions in financial aid. But, Wick Sloane, who writes a column at insidehighered.com, disagrees that the schools don't have excess capacity in their endowments: "The pileup of wealth doesn't match their mission of serving the public good. These schools have generated huge cash flows but are not doing their civic duty." But, some of the critics of the plan say legislators picking on these schools merely because they are wealthy and they can't relocate outside the state. State Representative Kevin Murphy (D - Lowell), who chairs the Joint Committee on Higher Education, agrees with that observing that "taxing the Red Sox would raise money for the state, too."

Tags: edited by Port1080, written by MayorBob, college endowment, state budget deficit, Massachusetts, Harvard (all tags)

This story: 20 comments (1 from subqueue)
Post a Comment
1

different plan

gerrymander.

Sun May 11, 2008 at 06:11:40 PM EST

5.00 (interesting, interesting, informative)

I'm not at all fan of taxing assets (as opposed to income); in fact, I'm absolutely sure it's a very dangerous road to start down. But I'm also not a big fan of the rich disingenuously crying poor, and even less so when the rich have gotten that way by gaming the system.

Instead of the proposal on the table, I'd go another way: pass a law which requires all not-for-profit organizations spend 5% of their previous year's end liquid assets to retain non-profit status. If they fail to meet that mark, they become taxed as for profit organizations for four or five years, and they can only re-certify as non-profit if their average year-on-year liquid asset outlay was over the 5% mark during the penalty years.

3

So now we're taxing assets eh?

wetkarma.

Mon May 12, 2008 at 04:53:22 AM EST

4.66 (brilliant, interesting)

I've never been a fan of democracy, and here is an exemplerary reason of why.

This is a cash grab no different from the land grabs of American history.

The whole concept disgusts me and I'm loathe to comment intelligibly on the subject.

Still it occurs to me -- you know what other non-profits have socked away lots of cash? Churches.

Memory is a strange bell, jubilee and knell.

5

^ 3

Re: So now we're taxing assets eh?

Steve Urkel.

Mon May 12, 2008 at 01:16:22 PM EST

5.00 (interesting, informative)

These colleges live by the credo "From each according to his ability, to each according to his need," so taxing the shit out of them is entirely appropriate.

Church assets aren't in the same league. For example the Mormon church has been estimated to have assets of about $30 billion, but there are also about 12 million Mormons worldwide. In contrast, Harvard has $34 billion, but there are only 270,000 Harvard alumni world wide.

People might be interested in this list of endowments (pdf). I was surprised by some of the numbers. There's a school in Kentucky I've never heard of called Berea College that has $800 million in assets.

8

^ 5

Re: So now we're taxing assets eh?

wetkarma.

Mon May 12, 2008 at 02:50:45 PM EST

none

Steve,
All you've shown is that Harvard graduates tend to be richer (and dare I say higher taxpayers?) than church folk.

Still there is some amount of dissembling here -- first off, the size of Harvard's endowment is attributable primarily to Harvard Management Company's stellar returns (annualized at 15.9%) and the fact that they have had decades to reinvest the capital. This is the power of compounding.

I'm not too acquainted with how the Mormon church has obtained its asset base, but I'd be surprised if they were able to obtain returns as good. Naturally Mormons are merely one church -- there's the Jews, the Muslims, the various christians including the Catholics...lots of money to be had.

Memory is a strange bell, jubilee and knell.

9

^ 8

Re: So now we're taxing assets eh?

thefadd.

Mon May 12, 2008 at 02:57:00 PM EST

none

This is the power of compounding.

You are right and Harvard compounds in plenty of other ways as well. The stellar product of their education keeps return customers and they take advantage of this--as an alum you can pay into your child's tuition before they're even born. You get a discount and Harvard gets the money 20 years up front.

It is easy to buy small plaster models of what you think life is like.

10

^ 8

Re: So now we're taxing assets eh?

Steve Urkel.

Mon May 12, 2008 at 04:55:13 PM EST

none

"All you've shown is that Harvard graduates tend to be richer (and dare I say higher taxpayers?) than church folk."

Gerry M. wants to give free educations to the rich, now you want to tax the poor instead of the rich. And people say I'm a monster.

"lots of money to be had"

Compared to colleges, not really.

Joking aside, isn't a little bit curious just how stellar Harvard's returns are?

11

^ 10

Re: So now we're taxing assets eh?

pO157.

Mon May 12, 2008 at 05:35:19 PM EST

none

Joking aside, isn't a little bit curious just how stellar Harvard's returns are?  

Sometimes I wonder about the wisdom of people who attend Ivy League schools. For example, I have a cousin on a varsity wrestling team at an Ivy. Due to the violence inherent in the (sport) he has had two (or three?) major injuries and multiple surgeries. Yet, even though the sport does not get him a scholarship towards school and there is no cushy 6 figure pro deal in the works after college he continued to stay on the team, even though it made him a 5.5 year senior.

Sometimes I think it may be best to avoid Ivy league schools, especially if you plan to go on. For example, my boss has a daughter about to go off to college. She got into a damn fine private school but she wants to get into Med School after college. She ended up accepting Sketchy State U's offer (ironically where one of my misdemeanant cousins attends) because of two reasons:

  1. Med School is damn hard to get into, and often GPA related. Sketchy State U has a higher med school acceptance rate than the Ivy in question. Why? Because a smart person going to Sketchy State U for a BS in Bio, Chemistry or Biochemistry will have a better chance of getting a 3.75 or something among the people attending Sketchy State U than they would at Ultra-Competitive Ivy School where the population of science undergrads makes geniuses barely average.

  2. If you're going to Med School, you are going to incur a metric buttload of debt. No sense blowing your financial load on undergrad and being too tapped out financially by the time Grade 17 rolls around.

12

^ 11

Re: So now we're taxing assets eh?

Steve Urkel.

Mon May 12, 2008 at 05:48:06 PM EST

none

You may be right about people going to med school. For those that aren't, I'm guessing the connections alone more than compensate for the higher price. And a law degree from an Ivy is worth probably 10 times that of one from Sketchy U Law School.

14

^ 12

Re: So now we're taxing assets eh?

pO157.

Mon May 12, 2008 at 08:17:48 PM EST

none

You may be right about people going to med school. For those that aren't, I'm guessing the connections alone more than compensate for the higher price. And a law degree from an Ivy is worth probably 10 times that of one from Sketchy U Law School.

That's true, until the legal field salaries are depressed due to Indian Outsourcing. At least with medicine the physicians have to be at the patient bedside (except possibly for radiology or some kind of weird telemarketing psychiatry thing) and the AMA can act like a cartel and lobby for limitations on provider numbers.

15

^ 14

Re: So now we're taxing assets eh?

thefadd.

Mon May 12, 2008 at 08:57:35 PM EST

none

I think that's when the degree from the Ivy becomes all that much more valuable.

It is easy to buy small plaster models of what you think life is like.

19

^ 5

Re: So now we're taxing assets eh?

slavdude.

Tue May 20, 2008 at 04:55:02 PM EST

none

These colleges live by the credo "From each according to his ability, to each according to his need," so taxing the shit out of them is entirely appropriate.

Uh, where does this come from (linky, please)?  Your own evidence suggests that such colleges (full disclosure:  I am a Harvard alum--graduate school) are just as driven by capitalistic motivations as other large institutions.

Tomorrow I will be sober, but you will still be ugly.

20

^ 19

Re: So now we're taxing assets eh?

Steve Urkel.

Tue May 20, 2008 at 05:15:26 PM EST

none

That was a joke about the general leftwinginess of academia.

2

Perspective

port1080.

Sun May 11, 2008 at 08:45:33 PM EST

none

I helped proof a book one of my undergrad professors wrote about the history of a small private university, and that gives me the background to sort of understand why a lot of schools sock so much away in endowments.  A lot of it comes out of the 1970s, which was a bad time for most private universities.  After World War II most schools had a big enrollment boost due to the GI bill, so they expanded.  Then the baby boomer generation got to college and they expanded more (the school the book was written about went from less than 500 students in 1950 to about 1500 students by 1968).  Then the Nixon recession hit and bad economic times persisted for over a decade, the baby boomers started to graduate from college, and then in the early 1980s Reagan cut federal money to colleges.  By the early 1980s a lot of private schools were in really dire financial straights, and many just plain went out of business.  This spurred a lot of schools to start fundraising like mad and socking that money away.  Even when enrollment picked up again in the late 1980s and 1990s and the economy came back to life and donations came pouring back in, the memory of the bad times persisted in the institutions (sort of like how your grandmother always kept some money buried in a jar in the backyard "in case the Depression comes again').  At some point in the last decade or so, though, things started to get out of hand and the reason for having the big endowments was, I think, kind of forgotten.  Having a big endowment became and end unto itself.  So, I think that at least in part some kind of corrective is needed, but at the same time we have to remember why this situation came about in the first place and realize that it's not completely crazy for a university to want to have a decade or more's worth of operating funds socked away.  I think gerrymander's idea is a good one - there should be some requirement to spend some funds to retain the non-profit status.  I don't know if it's necessarily a good idea to tie it to overall assets, though.  A better way to do it might be to tie it to net income for that year - that way you're not requiring the school to spend down its reserves if donations or enrollment should substantially decrease for some reason (such as the "perfect storm" that schools experienced in the 1970s/1980s).  The US still has most of the top research universities in the world - the system may need some reform, but we don't want to go fucking around with it too drastically.

4

^ 2

Re: Perspective

gerrymander.

Mon May 12, 2008 at 10:38:10 AM EST

none

A better way to do it might be to tie it to net income for that year - that way you're not requiring the school to spend down its reserves if donations or enrollment should substantially decrease for some reason (such as the "perfect storm" that schools experienced in the 1970s/1980s).

I tied my requirement to total assets for the explicit purpose of making non-profits spend down reserves -- slowly. (I also pegged it at 5% to roughly approximate the income of a long-term government bond.) I don't think not-for-profit status should necessarily be a license into perpetuity. Organizations with a "common good" mission should be accountable to changing times. Sometimes, the mission ends (there'll be no more need for the American Cancer Society if/when cancer is cured); in those cases, society is best served by having the non-profit close shop. Sometimes the organization drifts away from the mission or begins serving it badly (here, I'd point to MADD); in those cases, the enforced draw-down should serve as a wake-up call for the trustees to get back on track.

In the extreme case of Harvard, I expect that 5% of their large endowment roughly approximates the annual operating cost of the university. Harvard as about 13,000 employees. Presuming an average wage of $60,000 and benefits at about 40% over that, we're at about $1.1 billion per year. As 5% of $34 billion is $1.7 billion, that leaves around $600 million per year for operating costs, which sounds about right.

What that tells us is that every dollar received above the $1.7B is gravy. Doesn't that imply that tuition is unnecessary? (And that's not counting grants, applying for which at least serves the purpose of on-the-job training.) Wouldn't free tuition help fulfill the mission "identify and to remove restraints on students' full participation, so that individuals may explore their capabilities and interests and may develop their full intellectual and human potential," as per the official statement?

6

^ 4

Re: Perspective

Steve Urkel.

Mon May 12, 2008 at 01:23:53 PM EST

none

Free tuition? People who go to Harvard are either smart, rich, or smart and rich. Those kinds of people don't need a helping hand. Charity should be reserved for the poor and stupid, who really need it.

18

^ 6

Re: Perspective

gerrymander.

Tue May 13, 2008 at 11:08:32 AM EST

5.00 (astute)

People who go to Harvard are either smart, rich, or smart and rich. Those kinds of people don't need a helping hand.

In the first place, there are plenty of smart kids whose families aren't rich, and contra your assertion, they certainly could use a helping hand. (Through scholarships and loans, many of them do.)

In the second, I am not proposing that free tuition is the only means by which Harvard should advance their educational mission. I would certainly applaud if that school placed greater emphasis on recruiting qualified students from middle- or lower-class income families.

7

^ 4

Re: Perspective

port1080.

Mon May 12, 2008 at 01:49:54 PM EST

none

Doesn't that imply that tuition is unnecessary


Harvard already gives free tuition to most students (although this is a relatively new program).  Many other Ivy League private schools are now following suit as well.


I generally agree with your points but I still think that a forced asset draw down past a certain point might be excessive.  Another option might be to put a bottom on how much needs to come out - say that the organization can keep 5x or 10x its yearly operating budget untouched, let's say.  Anything over that is subject to your 5% (or maybe we should even jump it to 10%) rule.  That way non-profits can still plan ahead with a rainy-day fund, but they can't plan into the next millennium.

13

A Bluff That Will Work

thefadd.

Mon May 12, 2008 at 07:12:58 PM EST

none

I'm torn on whether it's right or wrong to attempt something like this, although a more conservative version of gerrymander's suggestion would in my opinion be the best way to go about it, if the state were to go about this. But I think this is irrelevant, as I doubt Harvard will really let it happen. My bet would be that legislators back off even though Harvard is almost certainly bluffing.

It is easy to buy small plaster models of what you think life is like.

16

^ 13

Hadn't thought of this till just now

Lou.

Mon May 12, 2008 at 09:52:52 PM EST

none

IIRC, there was a bit of a fight centering around a prestigious liberal arts college in my old central Maine home.  In centered on the college buying up property around the campus and turning it into offices, student and staff housing.  (I dated an administrator who had a house as part of her benefit package)  The main argument centered around how since the college was a non-profit, all of those properties (some of them quite nice) were now off of the tax rolls.   I didn't pay all that much attention since I was moving at the time.  Hasn't Harvard done the same thing in Boston?   I plead ignorance, but is this possible?  Could a college buy up property and then turn around and in some cases rent it out (in the case of student off-campus apartments?)

It's the end of the world as we know it, and I feel fine

17

^ 16

Re: Hadn't thought of this till just now

thefadd.

Tue May 13, 2008 at 02:24:30 AM EST

none

I don't know the specifics in Mass but most states exempt non-profits from the majority of property tax, although the degree of exemption varies from state to state. The other option would be for Cambridge to secede from MA.

It is easy to buy small plaster models of what you think life is like.

This story: 20 comments (1 from subqueue)
Post a Comment